1.
Can Oracle's Data Guard be used on Standard Edition, and if so how? How can you
test that the standby database is in sync?
Oracle's Data Guard technology is a layer of software and automation built on top of the standby database facility. In Oracle Standard Edition it is possible to be a standby database, and update it *manually*. Roughly, put your production database in archivelog mode. Create a hotbackup of the database and move it to the standby machine. Then create a standby controlfile on the production machine, and ship that file, along with all the archived redolog files to the standby server. Once you have all these files assembled, place them in their proper locations, recover the standby database, and you're ready to roll. From this point on, you must manually ship, and manually apply those archived redologs to stay in sync with production.
To test your standby database, make a change to a table on the production server, and commit the change. Then manually switch a logfile so those changes are archived. Manually ship the newest archived redolog file, and manually apply it on the standby database. Then open your standby database in read-only mode, and select from your changed table to verify those changes are available. Once you're done, shutdown your standby and startup again in standby mode.
2. What is the difference between Active Dataguard, and the Logical Standby implementation of 10g dataguard?
Active dataguard is mostly about the physical standby.
Use physical standby for testing without compromising protection of the production system. You can open the physical standby read/write - do some destructive things in it (drop tables, change data, whatever - run a test - perhaps with real application testing). While this is happening, redo is still streaming from production, if production fails - you are covered. Use physical standby for reporting while in managed recovery mode. Since physical standby supports all of the datatypes - and logical standby does not (11g added broader support, but not 100%) - there are times when logical standby isn’t sufficient. It also permits fast incremental backups when offloading backups to a physical standby database.
3. What is a Dataguard?
Oracle Dataguard is a disaster recovery solution from Oracle Corporation that has been utilized in the industry extensively at times of Primary site failure, failover, switchover scenarios.
4. What are the uses of Oracle Data Guard?
a) Oracle Data Guard ensures high availability, data protection, and disaster recovery for enterprise data.
b) Data Guard provides a comprehensive set of services that create, maintain, manage, and monitor one or more standby databases to enable production Oracle databases to survive disasters and data corruptions.
c) With Data Guard, administrators can optionally improve production database performance by offloading resource-intensive backup and reporting operations to standby systems.
5. What is Redo Transport Services?
It control the automated transfer of redo data from the production database to one or more archival destinations.
Redo transport services perform the following tasks:
a) Transmit redo data from the primary system to the standby systems in the configuration.
b) Manage the process of resolving any gaps in the archived redo log files due to a network failure.
c) Automatically detect missing or corrupted archived redo log files on a standby system and automatically retrieve replacement archived redo log files from the
primary database or another standby database.
6. What is apply services?
Apply redo data on the standby database to maintain transactional synchronization with the primary database. Redo data can be applied either from archived redo log files, or, if real-time apply is enabled, directly from the standby redo log files as they are being filled, without requiring the redo data to be archived first at the standby database. It also allows read-only access to the data.
7. What is difference between physical and standby databases?
The main difference between physical and logical standby databases is the manner in
which apply services apply the archived redo data:
a) For physical standby databases, Data Guard uses Redo Apply technology, which applies redo data on the standby database using standard recovery techniques of
an Oracle database.
b) For logical standby databases, Data Guard uses SQL Apply technology, which first transforms the received redo data into SQL statements and then executes the
generated SQL statements on the logical standby database.
8. What is Data Guard Broker?
Data guard Broker manage primary and standby databases using the SQL command-line interfaces or the Data Guard broker interfaces, including a command-line interface (DGMGRL) and a graphical user interface that is integrated in Oracle Enterprise Manager. It can be used to perform:
a) Create and enable Data Guard configurations, including setting up redo transport services and apply services
b) Manage an entire Data Guard configuration from any system in the configuration
c) Manage and monitor Data Guard configurations that contain Oracle RAC primary or standby databases
d) Simplify switchovers and failovers by allowing you to invoke them using either a single key click in Oracle Enterprise Manager or a single command in the DGMGRL command-line interface.
e) Enable fast-start failover to fail over automatically when the primary database becomes unavailable. When fast-start failover is enabled, the Data Guard broker determines if a failover is necessary and initiates the failover to the specified target standby database automatically, with no need for DBA intervention.
9. What are the Data guard Protection modes and summarize each?
Maximum availability :
This protection mode provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without compromising the availability of a primary database. Transactions do not commit until all redo data needed to recover those transactions has been written to the online redo log and to at least one standby database.
Maximum performance :
This is the default protection mode. It provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without affecting the performance of a primary database. This is accomplished by allowing transactions to commit as soon as all redo data generated by those transactions has been written to the online log.
Maximum protection :
This protection mode ensures that no data loss will occur if the primary database fails. To provide this level of protection, the redo data needed to recover a transaction must be written to both the online redo log and to at least one standby database before the transaction commits. To ensure that data loss cannot occur, the primary database will shut down, rather than continue processing transactions.
Oracle's Data Guard technology is a layer of software and automation built on top of the standby database facility. In Oracle Standard Edition it is possible to be a standby database, and update it *manually*. Roughly, put your production database in archivelog mode. Create a hotbackup of the database and move it to the standby machine. Then create a standby controlfile on the production machine, and ship that file, along with all the archived redolog files to the standby server. Once you have all these files assembled, place them in their proper locations, recover the standby database, and you're ready to roll. From this point on, you must manually ship, and manually apply those archived redologs to stay in sync with production.
To test your standby database, make a change to a table on the production server, and commit the change. Then manually switch a logfile so those changes are archived. Manually ship the newest archived redolog file, and manually apply it on the standby database. Then open your standby database in read-only mode, and select from your changed table to verify those changes are available. Once you're done, shutdown your standby and startup again in standby mode.
2. What is the difference between Active Dataguard, and the Logical Standby implementation of 10g dataguard?
Active dataguard is mostly about the physical standby.
Use physical standby for testing without compromising protection of the production system. You can open the physical standby read/write - do some destructive things in it (drop tables, change data, whatever - run a test - perhaps with real application testing). While this is happening, redo is still streaming from production, if production fails - you are covered. Use physical standby for reporting while in managed recovery mode. Since physical standby supports all of the datatypes - and logical standby does not (11g added broader support, but not 100%) - there are times when logical standby isn’t sufficient. It also permits fast incremental backups when offloading backups to a physical standby database.
3. What is a Dataguard?
Oracle Dataguard is a disaster recovery solution from Oracle Corporation that has been utilized in the industry extensively at times of Primary site failure, failover, switchover scenarios.
4. What are the uses of Oracle Data Guard?
a) Oracle Data Guard ensures high availability, data protection, and disaster recovery for enterprise data.
b) Data Guard provides a comprehensive set of services that create, maintain, manage, and monitor one or more standby databases to enable production Oracle databases to survive disasters and data corruptions.
c) With Data Guard, administrators can optionally improve production database performance by offloading resource-intensive backup and reporting operations to standby systems.
5. What is Redo Transport Services?
It control the automated transfer of redo data from the production database to one or more archival destinations.
Redo transport services perform the following tasks:
a) Transmit redo data from the primary system to the standby systems in the configuration.
b) Manage the process of resolving any gaps in the archived redo log files due to a network failure.
c) Automatically detect missing or corrupted archived redo log files on a standby system and automatically retrieve replacement archived redo log files from the
primary database or another standby database.
6. What is apply services?
Apply redo data on the standby database to maintain transactional synchronization with the primary database. Redo data can be applied either from archived redo log files, or, if real-time apply is enabled, directly from the standby redo log files as they are being filled, without requiring the redo data to be archived first at the standby database. It also allows read-only access to the data.
7. What is difference between physical and standby databases?
The main difference between physical and logical standby databases is the manner in
which apply services apply the archived redo data:
a) For physical standby databases, Data Guard uses Redo Apply technology, which applies redo data on the standby database using standard recovery techniques of
an Oracle database.
b) For logical standby databases, Data Guard uses SQL Apply technology, which first transforms the received redo data into SQL statements and then executes the
generated SQL statements on the logical standby database.
8. What is Data Guard Broker?
Data guard Broker manage primary and standby databases using the SQL command-line interfaces or the Data Guard broker interfaces, including a command-line interface (DGMGRL) and a graphical user interface that is integrated in Oracle Enterprise Manager. It can be used to perform:
a) Create and enable Data Guard configurations, including setting up redo transport services and apply services
b) Manage an entire Data Guard configuration from any system in the configuration
c) Manage and monitor Data Guard configurations that contain Oracle RAC primary or standby databases
d) Simplify switchovers and failovers by allowing you to invoke them using either a single key click in Oracle Enterprise Manager or a single command in the DGMGRL command-line interface.
e) Enable fast-start failover to fail over automatically when the primary database becomes unavailable. When fast-start failover is enabled, the Data Guard broker determines if a failover is necessary and initiates the failover to the specified target standby database automatically, with no need for DBA intervention.
9. What are the Data guard Protection modes and summarize each?
Maximum availability :
This protection mode provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without compromising the availability of a primary database. Transactions do not commit until all redo data needed to recover those transactions has been written to the online redo log and to at least one standby database.
Maximum performance :
This is the default protection mode. It provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without affecting the performance of a primary database. This is accomplished by allowing transactions to commit as soon as all redo data generated by those transactions has been written to the online log.
Maximum protection :
This protection mode ensures that no data loss will occur if the primary database fails. To provide this level of protection, the redo data needed to recover a transaction must be written to both the online redo log and to at least one standby database before the transaction commits. To ensure that data loss cannot occur, the primary database will shut down, rather than continue processing transactions.
10. If you didn't have access to the standby
database and you wanted to find out what error has occurred in a data guard
configuration, what view would you check in the primary database to check the
error message?
You can check the v$dataguard_status view.
Select message from v$dataguard_status;
11. In Oracle 11g, what command in RMAN can
you use to create the standby database while the target database is active?
Oracle 11g
has made it extremely simple to
set up a standby database environment because Recovery Manager (RMAN)
now supports the ability to clone the existing primary database directly to the
intended standby database siteover
the network via the DUPLICATE
DATABASE command set while
the target database is active. RMAN automatically generates a
conversion script in memory on the primary site and uses that script to manage
the cloning operation on the standby site with virtually no DBA intervention
required. You can execute this in a run block in RMAN:
duplicate target database for standby
dorecover from active database;
12. What additional standby database mode
does Oracle 11g offer?
Oracle 11g has introduced the Oracle Snapshot
Standby Database. In Snapshot Standby Database a physical standby database can
easily open in read-write mode and again you can convert it back to the
physical standby database. This is suitable for test and development
environments and also maintains protection by continuing to receive data from
the production database and archiving it for later use.
13. In Oracle 11g how can speed up backups on
the standby database?
In Oracle 11g, block change tracking is now
supported in the standby database.
14. With the availability of Active Data Guard, what role does
SQL Apply (logical standby) continue to play?
Use SQL Apply for the following requirements:
(a) when you require read-write access to a synchronized standby database but
do not modify primary data, (b) when you wish to add local tables to the
standby database that can also be updated, or (c) when you wish to create
additional indexes to optimize read performance. The ability to handle local
writes makes SQL Apply better suited to packaged reporting applications that
often require write access to local tables that exist only at the target
database. SQL Apply also provides rolling upgrade capability for patchsets and
major database releases. This rolling upgrade functionality can also be used by
physical standby databases beginning with Oracle 11g using Transient Logical
Standby.
15. Why would I use Active Data Guard and not
simply use SQL Apply (logical standby) that is included with Data Guard 11g?
If read-only access satisfies the requirement
- Active Data Guard is a closer fit for the requirement, and therefore is much
easier to implement than any other approach. Active Data Guard supports all
datatypes and is very simple to implement. An Active Data Guard replica can
also easily support additional uses - offloading backups from the primary
database, serve as an open read-write test system during off-peak hours
(Snapshot Standby), and provide an exact copy of the production database for
disaster recovery - fully utilizing standby servers, storage and software while
in standby role.
16. Why do I need the Oracle 11g Active Data
Guard Option?
Previous capabilities did not allow Redo
Apply to be active while a physical standby database was open read-only, and
did not enable RMAN block change tracking on the standby database. This
resulted in (a) read-only access to data that was frozen as of the time that
the standby database was opened read-only, (b) failover and switchover
operations that could take longer to complete due to the backlog of redo data
that would need to be applied, and (c) incremental backups that could take up
to 20x longer to complete - even on a database with a moderate rate of change.
Previous capabilities are still included with Oracle Data Guard 11g, no
additional license is required to use previous capabilities.
17. If you wanted to upgrade your current 10g
physical standby data guard configuration to 11g, can you upgrade the standby
to 11g first then upgrade the primary ?
Yes, in Oracle 11g, you can temporarily
convert the physical standby database to a logical standby database to perform
a rolling upgrade. When you issue the convert command you need to keep the
identity:
alter database recover logical standby keep
identity;
18. If you have a low-bandwidth WAN network,
what can you do to improve the Oracle 11g data guard configuration in a GAP
detected situation?
Oracle 11g introduces the capability to
compress redo log data as it transports over the network to the standby
database. It can be enabled using the compression parameter. Compression
becomes enabled only when a gap exists and the standby database needs to catch
up to the primary database.
alter system set
log_archive_dest_1='SERVICE=DBA11GDR COMPRESSION=ENABLE';
19. In an Oracle 11g Logical Standby Data
Guard configuration, how can you tell the dbms_scheduler to only run jobs in
primary database?
Oracle 11g, logical standby now provides
support for DBMS_SCHEDULER. It is capable of running jobs in both primary and
logical standby database. You can use the DBMS_SCHEDULER.SET_ATTRIBUTE
procedure to set the database_role. You can specify that the jobs can run only
when operating in that particular database role.
20. How can you control when an archive log
can be deleted in the standby database in oracle 11g ?
In Oracle 11g, you can control it by using
the log_auto_delete initialization parameter. The log_auto_delete parameter
must be coupled with the log_auto_del_retention_target parameter to specify the
number of minutes an archivelog is maintained until it is purged. Default is 24
hours. For archivelog retention to be effective, the log_auto_delete parameter
must be set to true.
|
21. Can Oracle Data Guard be used with Standard Edition of
Oracle ?
Yes and No. The automated features of Data Guard are not available in the standard edition of Oracle. You can still however, perform log shipping manually and write scripts to manually perform the steps. If you are on unix platform, you can write shell scripts that identify the logs and then use the scp or sftp command to ship it to the standby server. Then on the standby server, identify which logs have not been applied and apply/recover them maually and remove them once applied. |
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